{"id":332,"date":"2022-01-15T06:18:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-15T06:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/?p=332"},"modified":"2022-01-15T06:18:00","modified_gmt":"2022-01-15T06:18:00","slug":"insanin-hikayesi-nasil-30-bin-yil-geriye-gitti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/?p=332&lang=tr","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsan\u0131n hikayesi nas\u0131l 30 bin y\u0131l geriye gitti?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gazete Duvar \/<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc temsil etti\u011fi kabul edilen ve Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da ke\u015ffedilen en eski fosillerin, yani Homo sapiens\u2019in ya\u015f\u0131 uzun zamand\u0131r belirsizli\u011fini koruyordu. \u015eimdi, Etiyopya\u2019daki devasa bir volkan patlamas\u0131n\u0131n tarihlendirilmesiyle, daha \u00f6nce d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclenden \u00e7ok daha ya\u015fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u2018Omo I\u2019 diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar, 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Etiyopya\u2019da ke\u015ffedildi ve bilim insanlar\u0131 o g\u00fcnden beridir fosillerin bulundu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6keltilerin \u00fcst\u00fcnde ve alt\u0131nda yer alan volkanik k\u00fcl katmanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi kimyasal parmak izlerini kullanarak fosillerin tam ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

YEN\u0130 TEKN\u0130KLER TAR\u0130H\u0130 GER\u0130YE G\u00d6T\u00dcRD\u00dc<\/h2>\n

Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uluslararas\u0131 bir bilim ekibi, \u2018Omo I\u2019 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve bir t\u00fcr olarak Homo sapiens\u2019in ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdi. Fosilleri tarihlendirmeyi ama\u00e7layan daha eski giri\u015fimler, kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n 200 bin y\u0131ldan daha eski oldu\u011funu savunuyordu; buna kar\u015f\u0131n, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, 230 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fanan devasa bir volkanik patlamadan daha eski olmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ortaya koyuyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 Nature dergisinde yay\u0131nland\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Omo I kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, Do\u011fu Afrika Rift Vadisi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda kalan g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Etiyopya\u2019daki Omo Kibish Formasyonu\u2019nda bulundu. B\u00f6lge, y\u00fcksek volkanik hareketlili\u011fe sahip bir alan ve ilk insan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ve ta\u015f aletler gibi eserler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin bir kaynak niteli\u011finde. Bilim insanlar\u0131, arkeolojik ve fosil materyallerin bulundu\u011fu alan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde ve alt\u0131ndaki volkanik k\u00fcl katmanlar\u0131n\u0131 tarihlendirerek, Omo I\u2019i, t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz Homo sapiens\u2019e ait en eski kal\u0131nt\u0131 olarak belirlediler.<\/p>\n

Makalenin ba\u015fyazar\u0131 olan ve Cambridge Co\u011frafya B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde g\u00f6rev yapan Dr. C\u00e9line Vidal, \u201cBu y\u00f6ntemleri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, Omo fosillerinin genel kabul g\u00f6ren ya\u015f\u0131 200 binin alt\u0131nda kal\u0131yor; fakat bu tarihlemede \u00e7ok fazla belirsizlik mevcut\u201d diyor: \u201cFosiller, k\u00fcl \u00e7ok ince taneli oldu\u011fundan hi\u00e7 kimsenin radyometrik tekniklerle tarihlendirmeyi ba\u015faramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kal\u0131n bir volkanik k\u00fcl tabakas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda bir k\u00fcme halinde bulundu.\u201d<\/p>\n

VOLKAN\u0130K B\u0130R PATLAMANIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130YLE ANLA\u015eILDI<\/h3>\n

Profes\u00f6r Clive Oppenheimer \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k bir projenin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak, Vidal ve meslekta\u015flar\u0131, \u2018ge\u00e7 Orta Pleistosen\u2019 ad\u0131yla da bilinen bir zaman dilimi olan Homo sapiens\u2019in ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, Etiyopya Yar\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck volkanik patlamalar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 tarihlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

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Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar volkanik birikintilerden s\u00fcngerta\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri toplad\u0131lar ve bunlar\u0131 milimetreden daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlara ay\u0131rd\u0131lar. Vidal, \u201cHer p\u00fcsk\u00fcrme, magman\u0131n y\u00fczeyin alt\u0131nda izledi\u011fi yol taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen ve kendi evrimsel hikayesini ta\u015f\u0131yan kendi parmak izine sahip\u201d diyor: \u201cTa\u015f\u0131 ezdi\u011finiz zaman, i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mineralleri a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z ve ard\u0131ndan onlar\u0131 tarihlendirebilir ve mineralleri bir arada tutan volkanik cam\u0131n kimyasal parmak izini belirleyebilirsiniz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bilim insanlar\u0131, Kamoya Hominin B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nden al\u0131nan kal\u0131n volkanik k\u00fcl tabakas\u0131n\u0131n (KHS k\u00fcl\u00fc) parmak izini, 400 kilometreden daha uzakta bulunan Shala yanarda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n patlamas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirmek amac\u0131yla yeni jeokimyasal analizler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler. Akabinde, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ekibi, yanarda\u011fdan al\u0131nan s\u00fcngerta\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rneklerini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 230 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine tarihlendirdi. Omo I fosilleri bu \u00f6zel k\u00fcl tabakas\u0131ndan daha derin bir noktada bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in, 230 bin y\u0131ldan daha eski olmalar\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

Vidal, \u201c\u0130lk olarak jeokimyasal bir e\u015fle\u015fme oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olsam da hen\u00fcz Shala patlamas\u0131n\u0131n tarihine ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131k\u201d diyor: \u201cShala Yanarda\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan al\u0131nan \u00f6rnekleri derhal Glasgow\u2019da bulunan meslekta\u015flar\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6nderdim ve b\u00f6ylece kayalar\u0131n ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ebildiler. Sonu\u00e7lar bana ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve b\u00f6lgedeki en ya\u015fl\u0131 Homo sapiens\u2019in daha \u00f6nce tahmin edilenden daha ya\u015fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimde, ger\u00e7ekten de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heyecana kap\u0131ld\u0131m.\u201d<\/p>\n

Etiyopya\u2019daki Addis Ababa \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde g\u00f6revli olan ve \u015fu anda Botswana\u2019n\u0131n Biust kentinde bulunan saha ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n ortak yazar\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma grubu ortak lideri olan Profes\u00f6r Asfawossen Asrat, \u201cOmo Kibish Formasyonu, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerin ard\u0131ndan ula\u015f\u0131lan ve ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan geni\u015f bir tortul birikintidir\u201d diyor: \u201cOmo Kibish Formasyonu\u2019nun, \u00f6zellikle k\u00fcl tabakalar\u0131n\u0131n stratigrafisini* daha yak\u0131ndan incelememiz, b\u00f6lgedeki en eski Homo sapiens\u2019in ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 en az 230 bin y\u0131la \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Paris\u2019teki Mus\u00e9e de L\u2019homme\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rma ortak yazar\u0131 Dr. Aur\u00e9lien Mounier, \u201cHomo sapiens soyunun ilk a\u015famalar\u0131na dahil oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen di\u011fer Orta Pleistosen fosillerinden farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde, Omo I, uzun ve k\u00fcresel bir kafatas\u0131 kubbesi ve \u00e7ene gibi kesin bi\u00e7imde modern insan \u00f6zelliklerini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor\u201d diyor: \u201cYap\u0131lan yeni tarih tahmini, fiiliyatta onu tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z bi\u00e7imde Afrika\u2019daki en eski Homo sapiens haline getiriyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da bulunan Homo sapiens i\u00e7in yeni bir asgari ya\u015f ortaya koymas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, yeni bulgular\u0131n ve yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n, t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 zaman i\u00e7inde daha da geriye g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilece\u011fini ifade ediyorlar.<\/p>\n

Vidal, \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak elimizde bulunan fosillere dayanarak tarihlendirebiliriz; h\u00e2l b\u00f6yleyken, ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sonucun t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn kesin ya\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil\u201d diyor: \u201c\u0130nsan evrimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 kesintisiz bi\u00e7imde hareket halindedir: Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z geli\u015ftik\u00e7e s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve zaman \u00e7izelgeleri de de\u011fi\u015fir. Bununla birlikte, bu fosiller insanlar\u0131n ne kadar da diren\u00e7li olduklar\u0131n\u0131; do\u011fal afetlere bu kadar yatk\u0131n bir b\u00f6lgede hayatta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, geli\u015fti\u011fimizi ve g\u00f6\u00e7 etti\u011fimizi g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

YA\u015eADIKLARI B\u00d6LGE \u00d6ZEL KO\u015eULLARA SAH\u0130P<\/h5>\n

Oppenheimer, \u201c\u0130lk atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n jeolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan aktif bir ayr\u0131k vadide ya\u015famas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle bir tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildi; g\u00f6ller ya\u011f\u0131\u015flardan gelen sular\u0131 toplayarak taze su sa\u011fl\u0131yordu ve hayvanlar\u0131 kendine \u00e7ekerek, ya\u015fayan ve binlerce kilometre boyunca uzanan do\u011fal bir ge\u00e7i\u015f koridoru gibi hizmet ediyordu\u201d diyor: \u201cVolkanlar ta\u015f aletler yapmak i\u00e7in kusursuz malzemeler sa\u011flad\u0131 ve kimi zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck patlamalar \u00e7evreyi de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finde, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel becerilerimizi geli\u015ftirmeye mecbur kald\u0131k.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi Cambridge Tephra Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6neticisi ve ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ortak yazar\u0131 olan Profes\u00f6r Christine Lane, \u201cBilimsel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131m\u0131z, Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da bulunan Homo sapiens ba\u011flam\u0131nda yeni bir asgari ya\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131yor; fakat bu b\u00f6lgede yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131na inan\u0131lan Homo sapiens\u2019in ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili bir en eski tarih s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bulman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumaya devam ediyor\u201d diyor: \u201cUla\u015f\u0131lan yeni bulgular\u0131n ve yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 zaman i\u00e7inde daha da geriye g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

Vidal, \u201cEtiyopya Yar\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki patlamalardan ve di\u011fer tortul olu\u015fumlardan toplanan k\u00fcl birikintileriyle ili\u015fkilendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z pek \u00e7ok ba\u015fka k\u00fcl tabakas\u0131 var\u201d diyor: \u201c\u0130lerleyen d\u00f6nemde, b\u00f6lgede bulunan di\u011fer fosillerin ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da daha isabetli bi\u00e7imde tespit etmeyi umut ediyoruz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Gazete Duvar’<\/strong>dan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gazete Duvar \/ Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc temsil etti\u011fi kabul edilen ve Do\u011fu Afrika\u2019da ke\u015ffedilen en eski fosillerin, yani Homo sapiens\u2019in ya\u015f\u0131 uzun zamand\u0131r belirsizli\u011fini koruyordu. \u015eimdi, Etiyopya\u2019daki devasa bir volkan patlamas\u0131n\u0131n tarihlendirilmesiyle, daha \u00f6nce d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclenden \u00e7ok daha ya\u015fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u2018Omo I\u2019 diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar, 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Etiyopya\u2019da ke\u015ffedildi ve bilim insanlar\u0131 o g\u00fcnden<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":333,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[488,486,122],"class_list":["post-332","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-haber","tag-gazete-duvar","tag-insanin-hikayesi-nasil-30-bin-yil-geriye-gitti","tag-na-yayinlari-tr"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/332","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=332"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/332\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":334,"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/332\/revisions\/334"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/333"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=332"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=332"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.nayayinlari.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=332"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}